Waste-to-Energy means turning waste into useful energy like electricity, heat, or fuel. Instead of sending waste to landfills, it is treated in special plants where it is burned or processed to produce energy. This helps reduce waste and keeps our cities cleaner. In simple words, it’s about making power from garbage.

Coal gasification is a process that turns coal into gas (called syngas) instead of burning it directly. This gas can be used to make electricity, fuels, or chemicals in a cleaner way. In simple terms, it’s a modern and less-polluting way to use coal.

Sludge is the thick material left after cleaning dirty water in treatment plants. It contains dirt, bacteria, and waste from the water. With proper treatment, sludge can be used as fertilizer, fuel, or raw material. So, it can either be waste or a useful resource, depending on how we use it.

Bioremediation means using natural microbes like bacteria or fungi to clean pollution in soil, water, or air. These tiny organisms break down harmful substances into safe ones, helping nature recover on its own. Simply put, it’s nature’s way of cleaning itself with a little scientific help.

Wastewater treatment means cleaning used water from homes or factories so it can be reused or safely released into rivers or farms. It removes dirt and harmful substances using filters, microbes, and chemicals. In short, it’s the process of making dirty water clean again.

Oil shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock enriched with kerogen, a solid organic precursor to hydrocarbons. Through controlled pyrolysis, hydro retorting, or in-situ thermal extraction, kerogen can be converted into synthetic crude oil, light hydrocarbons, and gas. Due to its vast global deposits and predictable geochemical properties, oil shale is increasingly evaluated as a strategic unconventional energy resource for fuel production, petrochemical feedstocks, and integrated energy systems.